1875

Empire declares bankruptcy. Balkan uprisings.

1876

The Empire continues to crumble, revolt in Bosnia and Herzegovina, war against Serbia and Montenegro.

1876-1877

The short-lived First Constitutional Period.

1877

War against Russia, known in Turkey as "the campaign of 93", after which the Russian army dictates the Treaty of Ayastefanos. Sultan Aldulhamid II uses the crisis to dissolve parliament and suspend the constitution.

1878

Treaty of Berlin - to which Ottomans are not invited - establishes partial Bulgarian autonomy.

1881

The French invade Tunisia.

1881

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is born in Selonika.

1882

The British invade and take over Egypt.

1895

Last Ottoman province in the Balkans, Macedonia, succumbs to civil war.

1908

Mutiny in Monastir, calling for restoration of the constitution. Committee of Union and Progress triumphs. Bulgaria declares independence. Crete unites with Greece.

1908

The Young Turks Revolution overthrows Sultan Abdulhamid II. The Second Constitutional Period begins.